Training API Reference

opt_state = setup(rule, model)

This is a version of Optimisers.setup, and is the first step before using train!. It differs from Optimisers.setup in that it:

• has one extra check for mutability (since Flux expects to mutate the model in-place, while Optimisers.jl is designed to return an updated model)
• has methods which accept Flux's old optimisers, and convert them. (The old Flux.Optimise.Adam and new Optimisers.Adam are distinct types.)

Example

julia> model = Dense(2 => 1, leakyrelu; init=ones);

julia> opt_state = Flux.setup(Momentum(0.1), model)  # this encodes the optimiser and its state
(weight = Leaf(Momentum(0.1, 0.9), [0.0 0.0]), bias = Leaf(Momentum(0.1, 0.9), [0.0]), σ = ())

julia> x1, y1 = [0.2, -0.3], [0.4];  # use the same data for two steps:

julia> Flux.train!(model, [(x1, y1), (x1, y1)], opt_state) do m, x, y
         sum(abs.(m(x) .- y)) * 100
       end

julia> model.bias  # was zero, mutated by Flux.train!
1-element Vector{Float64}:
 10.19

julia> opt_state  # mutated by Flux.train!
(weight = Leaf(Momentum(0.1, 0.9), [-2.018 3.027]), bias = Leaf(Momentum(0.1, 0.9), [-10.09]), σ = ())

train!(loss, model, data, opt_state)

Uses a loss function and training data to improve the model's parameters according to a particular optimisation rule encoded in opt_state. Iterates through data once, evaluating for each d in data either loss(model, d...) if d isa Tuple, or else loss(model, d) for other d.

For example, with these definitions...

data = [(x1, y1), (x2, y2), (x3, y3)]

loss3(m, x, y) = norm(m(x) .- y)        # the model is the first argument

opt_state = Flux.setup(Adam(), model)   # explicit setup of optimiser momenta

...calling Flux.train!(loss3, model, data, opt_state) runs a loop much like this:

for d in data
    ∂L∂m = gradient(loss3, model, d...)[1]
    update!(opt_state, model, ∂L∂m)
end

You can also write this loop yourself, if you need more flexibility. For this reason train! is not highly extensible. It adds only a few features to the loop above:

• Stop with a DomainError if the loss is infinite or NaN at any point.

• Show a progress bar using @withprogress.

Optimisers.update(tree, model, gradient) -> (tree, model)

Uses the optimiser and the gradient to change the trainable parameters in the model. Returns the improved model, and the optimiser states needed for the next update. The initial tree of states comes from setup.

See also update!, which will be faster for models of ordinary Arrays or CuArrays.

Example

julia> m = (x = Float32[1,2,3], y = tanh);

julia> t = Optimisers.setup(Descent(0.1), m)
(x = Leaf(Descent(0.1), nothing), y = ())

julia> g = (x = [1,1,1], y = nothing);  # fake gradient

julia> Optimisers.update(t, m, g)
((x = Leaf(Descent(0.1), nothing), y = ()), (x = Float32[0.9, 1.9, 2.9], y = tanh))

Optimisers.update!(tree, model, gradient) -> (tree, model)

Uses the optimiser and the gradient to change the trainable parameters in the model. Returns the improved model, and the optimiser states needed for the next update. The initial tree of states comes from setup.

This is used in exactly the same manner as update, but because it may mutate arrays within the old model (and the old state), it will be faster for models of ordinary Arrays or CuArrays. However, you should not rely on the old model being fully updated but rather use the returned model. (The original state tree is always mutated, as each Leaf is mutable.)

Example

julia> using StaticArrays, Zygote, Optimisers

julia> m = (x = [1f0, 2f0], y = SA[4f0, 5f0]);  # partly mutable model

julia> t = Optimisers.setup(Momentum(1/30, 0.9), m)  # tree of states
(x = Leaf(Momentum(0.0333333, 0.9), Float32[0.0, 0.0]), y = Leaf(Momentum(0.0333333, 0.9), Float32[0.0, 0.0]))

julia> g = gradient(m -> sum(abs2.(m.x .+ m.y)), m)[1]  # structural gradient
(x = Float32[10.0, 14.0], y = Float32[10.0, 14.0])

julia> t2, m2 = Optimisers.update!(t, m, g);

julia> m2  # after update or update!, this is the new model
(x = Float32[0.6666666, 1.5333333], y = Float32[3.6666667, 4.5333333])

julia> m2.x === m.x  # update! has re-used this array, for efficiency
true

julia> m  # original should be discarded, may be mutated but no guarantee
(x = Float32[0.6666666, 1.5333333], y = Float32[4.0, 5.0])

julia> t == t2  # original state tree is guaranteed to be mutated
true

Optimisers.setup(rule, model) -> state_tree

Initialises the given optimiser for every trainable parameter within the model. Returns a tree of the relevant states, which must be passed to update or update!.

Example

julia> m = (x = rand(3), y = (true, false), z = tanh);

julia> Optimisers.setup(Momentum(), m)  # same field names as m
(x = Leaf(Momentum(0.01, 0.9), [0.0, 0.0, 0.0]), y = ((), ()), z = ())

The recursion into structures uses Functors.jl, and any new structs containing parameters need to be marked with Functors.@functor before use. See the Flux docs for more about this.

julia> struct Layer; mat; fun; end

julia> model = (lay = Layer([1 2; 3 4f0], sin), vec = [5, 6f0]);

julia> Optimisers.setup(Momentum(), model)  # new struct is by default ignored
(lay = (), vec = Leaf(Momentum(0.01, 0.9), Float32[0.0, 0.0]))

julia> destructure(model)
(Float32[5.0, 6.0], Restructure(NamedTuple, ..., 2))

julia> using Functors; @functor Layer  # annotate this type as containing parameters

julia> Optimisers.setup(Momentum(), model)
(lay = (mat = Leaf(Momentum(0.01, 0.9), Float32[0.0 0.0; 0.0 0.0]), fun = ()), vec = Leaf(Momentum(0.01, 0.9), Float32[0.0, 0.0]))

julia> destructure(model)
(Float32[1.0, 3.0, 2.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0], Restructure(NamedTuple, ..., 6))

Optimisers.adjust!(tree, η)

Alters the state tree = setup(rule, model) to change the parameters of the optimisation rule, without destroying its stored state. Typically used mid-way through training.

Can be applied to part of a model, by acting only on the corresponding part of the state tree.

To change just the learning rate, provide a number η::Real.

Example

julia> m = (vec = rand(Float32, 2), fun = sin);

julia> st = Optimisers.setup(Nesterov(), m)  # stored momentum is initialised to zero
(vec = Leaf(Nesterov(0.001, 0.9), Float32[0.0, 0.0]), fun = ())

julia> st, m = Optimisers.update(st, m, (vec = [16, 88], fun = nothing));  # with fake gradient

julia> st
(vec = Leaf(Nesterov(0.001, 0.9), Float32[-0.016, -0.088]), fun = ())

julia> Optimisers.adjust!(st, 0.123)  # change learning rate, stored momentum untouched

julia> st
(vec = Leaf(Nesterov(0.123, 0.9), Float32[-0.016, -0.088]), fun = ())

To change other parameters, adjust! also accepts keyword arguments matching the field names of the optimisation rule's type.

julia> fieldnames(Adam)
(:eta, :beta, :epsilon)

julia> st2 = Optimisers.setup(OptimiserChain(ClipGrad(), Adam()), m)
(vec = Leaf(OptimiserChain(ClipGrad(10.0), Adam(0.001, (0.9, 0.999), 1.0e-8)), (nothing, (Float32[0.0, 0.0], Float32[0.0, 0.0], (0.9, 0.999)))), fun = ())

julia> Optimisers.adjust(st2; beta = (0.777, 0.909), delta = 11.1)  # delta acts on ClipGrad
(vec = Leaf(OptimiserChain(ClipGrad(11.1), Adam(0.001, (0.777, 0.909), 1.0e-8)), (nothing, (Float32[0.0, 0.0], Float32[0.0, 0.0], (0.9, 0.999)))), fun = ())

julia> Optimisers.adjust(st; beta = "no such field")  # silently ignored!
(vec = Leaf(Nesterov(0.123, 0.9), Float32[-0.016, -0.088]), fun = ())

Optimisers.freeze!(tree)

Temporarily alters the state tree = setup(rule, model) so that parameters will not be updated. Un-done by thaw!.

Can be applied to the state corresponding to only part of a model, for instance with model::Chain, to freeze model.layers[1] you should call freeze!(tree.layers[1]).

Example

julia> m = (x = ([1.0], 2.0), y = [3.0]);

julia> s = Optimisers.setup(Momentum(), m);

julia> Optimisers.freeze!(s.x)

julia> Optimisers.update!(s, m, (x = ([pi], 10pi), y = [100pi]));  # with fake gradient

julia> m
(x = ([1.0], 2.0), y = [-0.14159265358979312])

julia> s
(x = (Leaf(Momentum(0.01, 0.9), [0.0], frozen = true), ()), y = Leaf(Momentum(0.01, 0.9), [3.14159]))

julia> Optimisers.thaw!(s)

julia> s.x
(Leaf(Momentum(0.01, 0.9), [0.0]), ())

Optimisers.thaw!(tree)

The reverse of freeze!. Applies to all parameters, mutating every Leaf(rule, state, frozen = true) to Leaf(rule, state, frozen = false).